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An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, serves as a unique identifier for devices connected to a network, facilitating accurate data routing between devices. Understanding the various types of IP addresses is essential for comprehending network operations and ensuring effective communication within both local and global networks. IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses There are two primary […]

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a technology that allows users to create a secure connection to a remote network over the internet. With a VPN, you can access resources and services on the internet as if you were physically present in another location. VPNs provide a layer of encryption and privacy to your online

X-XSS-Protection X-XSS-Protection allows developers to change the behavior of the Reflected XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) security filters. These filters aim to detect dangerous HTML input and either prevent the site from loading or remove potentially malicious scripts. What Can Malicious Attackers Do When Exploiting a Reflected XSS Vulnerability? Reflected XSS is a vulnerability that arises from the evaluation

Clickjacking Clickjacking is an attack that tricks a user into clicking a webpage element which is invisible or disguised as another element. This can cause users to unwittingly download malware, visit malicious web pages, provide credentials or sensitive information, transfer money, or purchase products online. Typically, clickjacking is performed by displaying an invisible page or

HTTP Strict Transport Security HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) header to ensure all communication from a browser is sent over HTTPS (HTTP Secure). This prevents HTTPS click-through prompts and redirects HTTP requests to HTTPS. As the name suggests, HSTS is a mechanism that forces browsers to use a secure web connection. In fact, we can

X-Frame-Options The X-Frame-Options Header is a security header suggested by Microsoft to avoid the UI Redressing attacks that began with Clickjacking in 2009. It’s supported by all major browsers. UI Redressing attacks are based on loading web pages inside an iframe and overlaying them with other UI elements. There are various types of UI Redressing,

X-Content-Type-Options This HTTP header is typically used to control the MIME Type Sniffing function in web browsers. MIME Type Sniffing is a content evaluation function used by browsers when the content type is not specified. Basically, if the Content-Type header is blank or missing, the browser ‘sniffs’ the content and attempts to display the source in the

Content Security Policy Introduced in November 2012, Content Security Policy presents an extra layer of security against multiple vulnerabilities such as XSS, Clickjacking, Protocol Downgrading and Frame Injection. It appears that CSP will become the most significant tool for client side security in the near future, since it provides a substitute for security headers, such

X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies Using Adobe products like PDF, Flash, etc.? You can implement this header to instruct the browser on how to handle the requests over a cross-domain. By implementing this header, you restrict loading your site’s assets from other domains to avoid resource abuse. There are a few options available. Value Description none no policy is

Referrer-Policy Referer is a request header that is confusing on multiple levels. First of all ‘referer’ is misspelt. (The correct spelling is ‘referrer’.) Even though this is an amusing fun fact, it also shows just how hard it is to even correct a simple mistake such as a missing ‘r’ in an HTTP header field.